Architectures, systems and methods having segregated secure functions and public functions

ABSTRACT

A system is provided for control of an entertainment state system having segregated secure functions and public functions for use by one or more users of the system. First, a public interface portal receives instructions regarding operation of the entertainment state system from the one or more users. The interface portal includes a first interface, a processor, a graphical user interface (GUI) coupled to the processor, a control unit in operative communication with the processor and graphical user interface, and a second interface providing an application program interface (API). Secondly, a secure entity unit is provided, the secure entity unit including a receive interface, the receive interface adapted to receive a call from the application program interface (API) of the interface portal, a send interface, the send interface adapted to provide a response to the interface portal interface, a game engine, and a financial engine.

PRIORITY CLAIM

This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 15/886,432, filed Feb. 1, 2018, which claims benefit of provisional Application No. 62/454,423, filed Feb. 3, 2017, which are incorporated herein by reference as if fully set forth herein.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present inventions relate to architectures, systems and methods for programmatically controlled entertainment state systems. More particularly, architectures, systems and methods for program control utilizing cognitive computing, including but not limited to artificial intelligence and machine learning, and optionally including analytics. Systems, methods and architectures are provided for game and entertainment operations are provided utilizing decentralized systems, including blockchain, optionally in peer to peer systems. More particularly, systems and methods for implementing a lottery, game or entertainment utilizing cryptocurrency, such as bitcoin, in a decentralized system.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

History shows that many trusted systems have evolved in order to provide for efficient functioning of society and business. Generally, these have involved central control of systems in order to ensure compliance with rules. Within the gaming space, examples include lotteries and regulated gaming. By way of example, the Nevada Gaming Control Board monitors institutions within the state for compliance with laws and regulations, and ensures the fair and efficient functioning of the industry.

Consider the entertainment and gaming system background. A lottery is a ‘State’ Function and serves as a form of ‘trusted agent’. The classic definition of the elements of a lottery are prize, chance and consideration. When these elements are reordered into a more chronologically correct order, namely first, receipt and holding of the consideration (e.g., ticket purchases), chance (e.g., ensuring a fair and accurate random number generator) and prize (i.e., paying the prize to the true winner.) Therefore, the State acts as a ‘trusted agent’ as it holds the consideration, guarantees randomness of the ‘chance’, and pays out the prize (title transfer). ‘Trust’ is based on the Integrity and Trustworthiness of People Operating the System and the Regulators Who Oversee the System. Lotteries or State Regulators are often former law enforcement. The degree of trust in the Regulators is often based on time and track record, e.g., the State of Nevada Regulatory system is considered highly trustworthy and effective, based in part on a multi-decade long track record. Additionally, a State with the most business to lose from a loss of trust in the regulatory process is most motivated to provide regulation. Such systems are based on central control of the system.

A casino is a ‘state regulated’ function and a form of ‘trusted agent’ with ‘verification’. They are licensed by the State and subject to state inspection.

Various advancements have been made in the gaming and entertainment environment. The following are assigned to the assignee of this, and are hereby incorporated by Reference as if fully set forth herein: Games, And Methods For Improved Game Play In Games Of Chance And Games Of Skill, U.S. Pat. No. 6,565,084, Games, and Methods and Apparatus for Game Play in Games of Chance, U.S. Pat. No. 6,488,280, Games, and Methods and Apparatus for Game Play in Games of Chance, U.S. Pat. No. 6,811,484, Apparatus and Method for Game Play in an Electronic Environment, U.S. Pat. No. 8,393,946, Apparatus, Systems and Methods for Implementing Enhanced Gaming and Prizing Parameters in an Electronic Environment, U.S. Pat. No. 7,798,896, Apparatus, Systems and Methods for Implementing Enhanced Gaming and Prizing Parameters in an Electronic Environment, U.S. Pat. No. 8,241,110, Methods and Apparatus for Enhanced Play in Lottery and Gaming Environments, U.S. Pat. No. 8,727,853, Methods and Apparatus for Enhanced Interactive Game Play in Lottery and Gaming Environments. U.S. Pat. No. 8,241,100, Method and System for Electronic Interaction In A Multi-Player Gaming System, U.S. Pat. No. 8,535,134. Generally, they comprise a suite of tools to make systems more engaging, and to optimize results.

One vexing problem in larger systems results from systems incompatibility. Various components often come from various vendors. There is often a lack of interoperability and incompatibility. Various systems in the gaming ecosystem need to interoperate, including but not limited to: gaming operations, marketing, CRM (Customer Relationship Management), loyalty programs, Ancillary Points or Credits, System Analytics and Optimization, and account and audit functions.

Software Defined Systems are a collection of modules interoperated under a higher level of software control. These manage network services through abstraction of lower level functionality. Generally, there is an Application Plane, a Control Plane and a Data Plane. Examples include Software Defined Networks having a Control Plane which provides intelligent control of data plane composed of relatively less intelligent switches, routers, storage. Yet another example is software defined radio. The control plane monitors and supervises use of frequency bands in the data plane.

Yet another component is the use of static interfaces and tools. For example, APIs or Application Programming Interfaces generally comprise a static interface. They define a format for an information request. ‘If you ask for X in a specific way, we will provide Y’. Generally, no access is provided by requestor to the system other than via API. Yet another system are SDKs or Software Development Kit. They may be static. Tools are provided to achieve desired results. GDKs or Game Development Kit also may be static and provide tools for game development.

The design of entertainment or games is often driven by metrics driven design. This often involves A/B Testing comparing the results or favorability as between multiple systems. Further, they often monitor multivariate response systems.

One aspect of lotteries and Lotto style games is that they tend to be static. At the most extreme example, they are literally printed on cardstock. More generally, once a format for a lottery game has been chosen, such as a 6 out of 49 format, it is difficult to change. Public perception of change is that the game has become less favorable to the player.

Problem gambling issues have plagued the gaming industry. It is a significant issue for society. While users can solicit help (e.g., 1-800-Gambling), there is often denial and an unwillingness to seek help. Various attempts have been made to limit abuse, such as use rate limits in some on-line games.

In the move from bricks and mortar to on-line and cyber spheres, identity issues proliferate. Issues include: are you who you purport to be and will the user's identity be compromised?

Significant advances have been made in cognitive intelligence and adaptive intelligence. For example, IBM Watson won a Jeopardy competition 2011 against highly skilled players. Deep learning and pattern recognition has occurred. Current trends include big data, pattern recognition and machine learning.

Recent advances have also been made in object detection, both in 2D and 3D space. A challenge in the Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (LSVRC) provides for Object Detection in ImageNet 2016. The error rate of automatic labeling of ImageNet declined to less than 3%, compared to human performance of about 5%.

Significant advances have also been made in machine based game play performance. In 2015, Google DeepMind used an artificial intelligence reinforcement learning system to learn how to play 49 Atari games. In 2016, AlphaGo system from Google DeepMind beat one of the world's greatest Go players 4-1. In 2017, Carnegie Mellon University's Libratus program defeated top human players in a statistically significant manner.

Further advances have been made in cloud based systems. Functions have been migrating from local servers and storage to remote ‘cloud’ storage. These systems provide for easy scalability. Clouds based systems may run multiple ‘instances’ simultaneously. They also may combine software as a service, including Artificial Intelligence (“AI”).

The Internet of Things (“IoT”) utilizes devices capable of sending data to remote location, and receiving command data. Various voice controlled devices use AI or machine learning (“ML”), e.g., Amazon Alexa, Google Dot.

FIG. 1 shows an exemplary prior art centralized system. FIG. 2 shows an exemplary prior art distributed system.

Advancements have been made in trusted distributed systems such as in the use of blockchain based systems. The initial disclosure of the blockchain technology is attributed to Satoshi Nakamoto in a paper published October, 2008. This system provides for automatic trust or system trust. The blockchain paradigm provides for a decentralized system utilizing decentralized consensus. This can be done in a peer-to-peer manner without an intermediary. The system may be viewed as a network of nodes running software on a programmable distributed network. It is sometimes referred to as a transaction singleton machine with shared state, a transaction based state machine, a message passing framework, a trustful object messaging compute framework and trusted computing.

A decentralized consensus is established by a combination of blockchain and cryptography. Authority and trust is provided by the decentralized virtual network. Consensus logic is generally separate from the application. It may comprise the first layer of a decentralized architecture.

Blockchain utilizes a distributed ledger. A ‘block’ comprises a new group of accepted transactions. A batch of transactions is released in a block to be validated by the network of participating computers. Continuous, sequential transaction record on a public block creates a unique “chain” or blockchain. This block is published to all other nodes. The publication occurs periodically, e.g. every 10 minutes.

Etherium is an open source platform for smart contracts. As currently operated, Etherium is a decentralized platform that runs smart contracts: applications that run exactly as programmed without any possibility of downtime, censorship, fraud or third party interference. The applications run on a custom built blockchain, an extremely powerful shared global infrastructure that can move the value and represent ownership of the property. This allows developers to create markets, store debt or promise records, move funds according to long-standing instructions (such as a will or a futures contract), without the counterparty risk. Etherium also states that its goal is to create a tradeable digital token that can be used as a currency, a representation of an asset, a virtual share, a proof of membership or anything at all. These tokens use a standard coin API, so the contract will be automatically compatible with any wallet, other contract or exchange also using this standard. The total amount of tokens in circulation can be set to a simple fixed amount or fluctuate based on any programmed ruleset. In summary, Etherium states that it enables building a tradeable token with a fixed supply, a central bank that can issue money and a puzzle-based cryptocurrency.

There are many disadvantages to the current systems. They are slow to change and innovate. They often involve proprietary systems that do not interoperate. There is often governmental and or institutional bias. There may be a cumbersome regulatory environment. Finally, there are often high transaction costs.

Thus, there is a need for interoperability among inconsistent, often proprietary systems. There is a need for gambling limitation on a more global basis, including geo-limitation and global use rate monitoring for problem gambling. There is a need for problem gambling detection and remediation. There is a need for improved distributed systems.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect, the inventions comprise a system for control of an entertainment state system having segregated secure functions and public functions for use by one or more users of the system. First, a public interface portal receives instructions regarding operation of the entertainment state system from the one or more users. The interface portal includes a first interface to receive instructions from and communicate to the one or more end users, a processor, a graphical user interface (GUI) coupled to the processor, a control unit in operative communication with the processor and graphical user interface, and a second interface providing an application program interface (API). Secondly, a secure entity unit is provided, the secure entity unit including a receive interface, the receive interface adapted to receive a call from the application program interface (API) of the interface portal, a send interface, the send interface adapted to provide a response to the interface portal interface, a game engine, and a financial engine. Preferably the financial engine is coupled to the game engine, the receive interface and the send interface.

Systems and methods are provided for training an artificial intelligence system including the use of one or more human subject responses to stimuli as input to the artificial intelligence system. One or more displays are oriented toward the human subjects to present the stimuli to the human subjects. One or more detectors serve to monitor the reaction of the human subjects to the stimuli, the detectors including at least motion detectors, the detectors providing an output. An analysis system is coupled to receive the output of the detectors, the analysis system providing an output corresponding to whether the reaction of the human subjects was positive or negative. A neural network utilizes the output of the analysis system to provide a positive weighting for training of the neural network when the output of the analysis system was positive, and a negative weighting for training of the neural network when the output of the analysis system was negative.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic view of a prior art centralized system.

FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic view of a prior art centralized system.

FIG. 3 is a system level block diagram of the program defined entertainment state system (PD-ESS) showing the application plane, the control plane and the state data plane.

FIG. 4 is a system level block diagram explosion of the application state plane layer of the PD-ESS.

FIG. 5 is a system level block diagram explosion of the control plane layer of the PD-ESS.

FIG. 6 is a system level block diagram explosion of the state data plane layer of the PD-ESS.

FIG. 7 is a diagrammatic view of the ecosystem, including interfaces and interconnections.

FIG. 8 is a system level block diagram of the neural network model architecture including graphical processing units (GPUs).

FIG. 9 is a system level block diagram of the neural network model architecture.

FIG. 10 is a system level diagram of multiple data sets including a difference engine and data analyzer.

FIG. 11 is response system display and detection system for generating input to train the artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) systems.

FIG. 12 is a system level diagram of a dynamic system application programming interface (d-API).

FIG. 13 is a system level diagram of a dynamic software development kit (d-SDK).

FIG. 14 is a system architecture level diagram of a distributed system including blockchain and Etherium.

FIG. 15 is a system architecture level diagram of a permissioned blockchain system.

FIG. 16 is a system architecture level diagram of a blockchain platform.

FIG. 17 is a system architecture level diagram of a blockchain platform including open chain services.

FIG. 18 is a system architecture level diagram of a decentralized cryptocurrency system with smart contracts.

FIG. 19 is a system architecture level diagram of a decentralized system with sequential hash value creation.

FIG. 20 is a flowchart diagram of a cryptocurrency lottery.

FIG. 21 is a flowchart diagram of a smart contract.

FIG. 22 is a flowchart diagram of a smart-smart (smart²) contract.

FIG. 23 is a flowchart diagram of a smart contract having mandated and variable parameters.

FIG. 24 is a graphical user interface (GUI) of a cryptocurrency wallet.

FIG. 25 is a system architecture level schematic diagram of a system having segregated public and secure functions.

FIG. 26 is a system architecture level of an interface of segregated public and secure functions.

FIG. 27 is a system architecture level of a network implementation of a system having segregated public and secure functions.

FIG. 28 is a system architecture level of a combined centralized and decentralized system.

FIG. 29 is a system architecture level of a hierarchical system.

FIG. 30 is a plan view of a lottery linked credit card.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Architectures, Systems and Methods for Program Defined Entertainment State Systems.

The following description is primarily in connection with FIGS. 3, 4, 5 and 6, but may apply to other figures as well. An architecture is provided for a program defined entertainment state system. This preferably serves to decouple the system that controls the overall experience from the underlying systems that define states. The first plane, the application plane provides an interface, primarily for system side users, e.g., developers, organizers of events, contests, lotteries. The second plane, the control plane, provides for intelligent control, especially cognitive computing, including artificial intelligence and/or machine learning, including artificial intelligence where the system learns over time. This preferably provides an intelligent control layer above modules. The third plane, the state data plane, provides for entertainment ‘state modules’ with various mechanics, preferably including ‘core loop’, meta states and provides interfaces for end users, as well as inputs and outputs.

FIG. 3 provides a block Diagram Program Defined Entertainment State System (PD-ESS). FIG. 4 is an Explosion of PD-ESS Application Plane Layer, including an application layer GUI (facing the Developers, Affiliates, and Charities). FIG. 5 provides an Explosion PD-ESS controller plane layer. FIG. 6 provides an explosion PD-ESS state data plane layer. Also included are an explosion of entertainment state network element layer, a user interface GUI, an explosion of value/title transfer network element and explosion of other functional blocks.

Turning first to the Application Plane layer, a program serves to communicate requirements and desired behavior to the PD-ESS Controller. It provides communication between the PD-ESS Application and PD-ESS Controller via the PD-ESS Application Controller Interface (ACI). Application Logic and Drivers are optionally provided. The application layer may receive an abstracted view of State Data Plane Actions. The PD-ESS Applications may interface with higher levels of abstracted control. The system includes an interface, the PD-ESS Application Controller Interface (ACI). The management and administration preferably provides the following: (1) To/From Application Plane, it provides contracts and SLAs, (2) To/from Control Plane Configure Policy, Monitor Performance, and (3) To/From Data Plane Element Setup.

Turning second to the Control Plane Layer, the PD-ESS Controller is ideally logically centralized entity, preferably serves to translate the requirements of the PD-ESS Application to the State Data Plane layer, and provides the Application layer with actions in the State Data Plane (e.g., event information and statistical information). The control plane may provide statistics, events and states from the Data Plane to the Application Plane. The control plane preferably enforces behavior at a low level control in the data plane, provides capability discovery, and monitors statistics and faults. The control plane advantageously includes cognitive computing, such as artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML), to be described in greater detail, below.

The control plane may optionally include analytics, including but not limited to pattern recognition. Analytics may be performed on a population, preferably a relevant population, or on a subset. Preferably, the subset has similar characteristics of a target user. Data may be binned according to subset. The scope of primary data may be analyzed. Predictive modeling may be included. Responsible Gaming Control may be implemented at the control plane level, especially if there are use rate limits and global limits.

Turning thirdly to the state data plane layer, it preferably includes main subcomponents and Functional Network Elements. Optionally, the functional network elements include some or all of the following: 1. Entertainment State Network Elements, 2. Value/Title Transfer Network Element, 3. Game Library, such as Casino, VLT, Video Gaming, Tournament, Amusement with Prize (AWP), Game Mechanics, Core Loop, Skill, Skill with Reveal, Second Chance, Social, Gamification, Prizing, vGLEPs and Prize Board, 4. Systems, Marketing, Promotions, CRM, Operations, Logistics, Interactive, Mobile/Apps and Responsive Design, 5. Platforms, 6. Channels, 7. Lottery, including Retail and Central Systems, 8. Loyalty, 9. Responsible Gaming Control, optionally including use rate limits and global limits (may be done in the control plane layer as well), 10. Sports, including real world, fantasy and eSports, 11. Other Live Data Entertainment, 12. Networks, including Network communications and web services and 13. Management, including Records, Player Account Management, Reporting, Compliance, including regulatory compliance, security, including cybersecurity, fraud and risk management, including preferably audit and payment.

The Entertainment State Network Elements provide an interface for interaction with a user of the system. An input receives information from user selection. Sensors may be of various forms, including sound sensors, motion sensors, whether 2-d or 3-d, such as including the Microsoft Kinect system. ‘Internal Data’ consists of data related primarily to game operations. ‘External’ Data sources to combine with Primary Data Source. These may include 1. Location, 2. Current Activity such as Driving (provided by vehicle, provided by tracked phone) or Exercising (provided by FitBit or similar), 3. Economic Conditions, 4. Weather, 5. Recent Events/News, e.g., a recent Large PowerBall win, 6. Marketing Information, 7. e-mail scans, e.g., Google scanning of Gmail for content, 8. Social Media, and 9. the Internet of Things (IoT). The Internet of Things (IoT) provide various forms of connected devices such as data sensors. The sensors generate data input “stimuli” to system. By utilizing any form of input, the system is able to provide for massive parallelism. All data “stimuli” to system permits the system to be adaptive and reactive to all data stimuli.

An Output provides stimulation to user. Forms may include: 1. images, such on a display, or via a GUI, or VR system, AR system, 2. Thin Client display with remote computing power, 3. Projections and Holograms, 4. sounds, 5. tactile stimuli, 6. olfactory stimuli, or 7. direct electrical stimuli, neural or otherwise.

A Value/Title Transfer Network Element serves to receive and transfer value (money, coins, and other items of value). Value may refer to fungible liquid asset or other store of value. Title generally refers to ownership of real, personal, or virtual property. A detailed discussion of blockchain, trust-less, and cryptocurrency systems is provided, below.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is broadly that branch of computer science dealing in automating intelligent behavior. They are systems whose objective is to use machines to emulate and simulate human intelligence and corresponding behavior. This may take many forms, including symbolic or symbol manipulation AI. It may address analyzing abstract symbols and/or human readable symbols. It may form abstract connections between data or other information or stimuli. It may form logical conclusions. Artificial intelligence is the intelligence exhibited by machines, programs or software. It is has been defined as the study and design of intelligent agents, in which an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chances of success. Yet others have defined it as the science and engineering of making intelligent machines.

Artificial Intelligence often involves use of neural networks. In various embodiments, a multi-layer stack of neural network nodes are utilized. The lowest level comprises granular elements. By way of example in a gaming application, in the order of higher level understanding, the levels would progress from instances of individual action (granular), to core loop detection, to session play, to multi-session play. Optionally, a parsing engine serves to break down or subdivide a larger set, such as a data set or image, into more discrete or granular elements.

AI may have various attributes. It may have deduction, reasoning, and problem solving. It may include knowledge representation or learning. Systems may perform natural language processing (communication). Yet others perform perception, motion detection and information manipulation. At higher levels of abstraction, it may result in social intelligence, creativity and general intelligence. Various approaches are employed including cybernetics and brain simulation, symbolic, sub-symbolic, and statistical, as well as integrating the approaches.

Various tools may be employed, either alone or in combinations. They include search and optimization, logic, probabilistic methods for uncertain reasoning, classifiers and statistical learning methods, neural networks, deep feedforward neural networks, deep recurrent neural networks, deep learning, control theory and languages.

AI advantageously utilizes parallel processing and even massively parallel processing in their architectures. Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) provide for parallel processing. Current versions of GPUs are available from various sources, e.g., Nvidia, Nervana Systems.

Machine Learning is defined as a system that builds up knowledge from experience. Machine learning serves to detect patterns and laws.

Deep Learning uses Neural AI. It is easily scalable, and typically involves more layers or neural Networks (NNs). Neural Networks may be of various forms, including: efficient NN, vectorized NN, vectorized logistic regression, vectorized logistic regression gradient output, binary classification, logistic regression, logistic regression cost function, gradient descent, derivatives, computation graph and logistic regression gradient descent.

Deep neural networks (DNN) often involve hyperparameter tuning. Typically they utilize regularization and optimization. Sometimes they are referred to as Deep Belief Network (DBN).

Other forms of neural networks include Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) or Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN). Examples of available systems include: LSTM, Adam, Caffe, Dropout, Batch Norm, Xavier/He, Python, Scikit-Learn and TensorFlow.

AI may operate on various forms of data sets. The data set may comprise images, whether video images, 2D Data and/or 3D Data. Sequential data may be analyzed. Examples include, but are not limited to, natural language, audio, autonomous driving decisions, game states and game decisions.

Various industry applications advantageously benefit from application of AI. They include imaging and object detecting, serving to identify, classify, mining and optionally provide sentiment analysis. Other applications include autonomous driving. Yet other applications include robots and robotics. Within healthcare, functions include imaging analysis, diagnosing and gamification. Various forms of sequential data analysis may be enhanced, such as speech recognition, and natural language processing. Music applications include both recognition and synthesis. Within the gaming field, applications include game state sequences detection, analysis, formation, combination optimization, and game optimization. Chat bots and machine translation advantageously employ these systems.

FIG. 7 shows the constituent function blocks within an entertainment or gaming ecosystem. Affiliates serve to acquire customers. Affiliates receive a commission, such as based on the number of users acquired or a percent (%) of revenue. Optionally, there is a link to a credit card function (to be discussed, below in connection with FIG. 30).

Next are charities and other organizations that plan to operate a lottery, game or other entertainment event. They provide for customer acquisitions. They are the recipient of the event (game, lottery or entertainment). They also collect a fee.

Next are the developers, who provide for game design. In return for game design, they receive multi-jurisdictional use and payment for use. An enhanced application or app store may be provided wherein the game design may be viewed, selected and downloaded.

Next, consumers provide registration and identification information. The registration data may optionally include identification, age, address and verification. Optionally, the data is sufficient that the system can comply with Know Your Customer (KYC) rules, with optional levels of identity verification. This is stored as persistent history. The customer receives a chance to play, win, and receive entertainment.

Next is the regulator or trust verifying agent. They provide testing, approval for game fairness, overall approval, ensure compliance with regulations and security. The regulator or trust verifying agent is granted access permission by the system to monitoring of every transaction, (analytics dashboard), player accounts, parameters, prize amounts and payouts, and to the complete history. The regulator or trust verifying agent receives compensation, whether a fee or as a percentage of the transaction amounts.

Next, the lotteries serve as the trusted agent, and receive a percentage of the transaction amount. Optionally, the historical functions of the lottery may be eliminated or vaporized from the system when those functions are performed by another entity within the ecosystem.

FIGS. 8 and 9 relate to the learning processes for training neural networks. By providing repeated input stimulus and then training the neural network to provide the correct output, the system may be taught to form the correct associated output based on one or more input stimuli. In converting input to the desired output the training may comprise supervised learning, such as when the target values and parameters are supervised. Alternatively, the training may be non-supervised learning, wherein the system attempts to identify patterns in the input that have identifiable structure and can be reproduced. Alternately, the system may use reinforcement learning, which works independently (like non-supervised learning) but is rewarded or punished depending on success or failure. Preferably, reinforcement learning involves incremental change. In the various training techniques, perturbation may be used wherein one or more input parameters are varied, typically in a perturbation amount, e.g., less than 10%, more preferably less than 5%, and most preferably less than 3%, of the input value, so as to monitor the effect of the perturbation on the output.

Hyperparameters and parameters may be used in the AI or machine learning systems. Model parameters are estimated from data automatically. A configuration variable internal to the model can be estimated from data. This can be required by the model when making predictions. Values define the skill of the model. They may be estimated or learned from data.

Hyperparameters are set manually and are used in the processes to help estimate parameters. A configuration variable external to the model is used. Generally, it cannot be estimated from the data. They are often used in processes to estimate model parameters. They are typically specified by the system user. Hyperparameters can often be set using heuristics. They are often tuned for a given predictive modeling problem. A hyperledger may be used, either as a hyperledger composer or hyperledger fabric.

The AI or machine learning may be performed on various types of hardware. Advantageously, systems that support parallel processing can provide for computation speed and efficiency. Parallel processing units such as Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) are available from NVIDIA and AMD. Neural Processing Units (NPUs) are available in the Kirin 970, Apple A11 and the Qualcomm Zeroth Processor. AI and machine learning processing is also available as a cloud AI or Machine learning system, such as is available from Google and Amazon Web Services.

FIG. 10 describes domain transformations and difference engines. One advantageous domain transformation involves the time domain to frequency domain (time series to frequency domain). One example is the Fourier series, which generally is used with repetitive signals, such as oscillating systems. A Fourier transform, is generally used with non-repetitive signals, such as transients. Enhanced computational techniques such as the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) may be used for efficiency and computational speed. Yet another domain transformation is the Laplace transform, often used in electronic circuits and control systems. Yet another, the Z transform, is used with generally discrete-time signals. Digital Signal Processors (DSPs) may be advantageously utilized. Spectral density estimation may be included, along with wavelet analysis, image analysis, data compression and multivariate analysis. Correlated data sets are advantageously employed.

Difference engine may be employed to identify differences between two or more sets of data. The difference may be time based, such as where one data set relates to a time 0, and the other set relates to a time 1, time 2, time 3, . . . , time N. Differences in images may be calculated.

FIG. 11 shows a system in which the Subject response may be monitored, captured and analyzed for behavior, which is then used as input to AI. In various efforts, such as in game or entertainment design and creation, the response of the target audience may be monitored, analyzed and used to train an Artificial Intelligence or machine learning system. The subject response to entertainment/game stimuli serves to measure the ‘fun’ experienced by the subject, and that measure (the ‘fun’) is then used as a training input to AI or ML system. The system may detect individual subject behavior. Alternatively, the system may monitor group behavior, serving to detect the ‘fun’ experiences, but may also measure attributes of the group or crowd, such as ‘excitement’, ‘engagement’ or crowd based behavior.

A display is provided as a stimulus to the subject or subjects. A flat panel display or monitor may be utilized. Optionally, personal viewing devices may be utilized, such as individual screens, virtual reality headsets, augmented reality devices, heads up displays, projection devices or imaging technology.

Various detectors are utilized to monitor the one or more subject's response. Motion detection utilizes motion tracking hardware and software. A camera images the subjects. Various cameras include the Microsoft Kinect, 2d sensors and cameras and 3d sensors and cameras. Metrics detectors may analyze the position of a body part, such as a limb, joint or facial feature. It may measure the velocity, movement, higher level derivatives of the position or movement, such as the rate of change of change. Facial detectors monitor for facial recognition. Facial attributes may be detected, such as positive attributes, e.g., a smile, or negative attributes, e.g., a frown. Body position detection may be determined. Sound detection may be performed with a microphone or microphone array. It may detect attributes of the sound, such as positive attributes, e.g., a cheer, and negative attributes, e.g., expletives, and boos. Biometric scan detection is utilized. Physiologic response detection optionally monitors the subject heart rate, blood pressure, pupil dilation, temperature, ECG, and mental activity. Activity monitoring detectors monitor engagement response, preferably including bet rate, time spent engaged with the display, retention rate, repetition rate and reengagement rate. Analytics are advantageously utilized.

The output of the system is used as input in the AI or machine learning system. For example, in training using reinforcement learning in neural networks, a positive weighting is used for positive attributes, and a negative weighting is used for negative attributes.

The system may additionally provide output identified as associated with addiction, such as gambling addiction, or a subject otherwise being ‘hooked’ on the game. When the level of engagement or minor addiction is viewed as acceptable, a positive weighting may be used in the training, whereas when the addiction is viewed as unacceptable or excessive, a negative weighting may be used in the training.

The artificial intelligence, machine learning, neural network, use of user response in training AI/ML systems (generally FIG. 11 and discussion, above), may advantageously be utilized in game design and develop, entertainment development and/or any creative developmental effort.

The systems may constitute a matrix of tools. They may comprise a given set of tools. In a more fundamental way, they comprise a tool to discover the tools. Tools may be game states, entertainment states or any form of state or matter.

The following will be described as to game development, but the tools, systems, methods and architectures may be applied to entertainment or any creative effort. As to a particular game, a first option is to provide only basic rules of that given game. The system may play against itself, or alternatively, play against other systems, in order to discovery winning game play strategies. In yet another option, the system may be provided with known gambits, with the system permitted to use or ignore the gambits. In yet an alternative embodiment, the system may be provided with a library of games. The system may analyze the library of games for game elements, game mechanics or core loops. Optionally, the system may limit analysis of the library of games to similar games, or may consider all games, optionally divided into subunits, e.g. card games, board games, video games. Once the various core loops or game elements are defined, the system may combine them in various combinations and permutations so as to define a new game or game play sequence. The system may recognize patterns in the data. Values may be assigned to decisions at various points or game states or game state decision points. The use of user response may be advantageously used in game formation and optimization. The use of user response is particularly suited to reinforced learning.

The system may operate in a hierarchical manner. Hierarchical systems may be used, where it may vary a ‘subservient’ mandated parameter so long as ‘superior’ or ‘master’ mandated parameter is met. By way of example, a ‘super’ mandated parameter’ may be used to guarantee a particular outcome. Alternatively, an administrative control may be granted, such as to set a ‘top level’ constraint.

The system may consider separate functions in a cooperative action. Functions may be reassigned or moved to other, especially lower, levels of action. The system may provide new variables. By providing a hierarchical response, core functionality may be maintained. Optionally, the system may employ a “kill switch” for the system, an apoptosis, such as based on a command such as from an administrator, or based on predefined criteria. The system may provide a package of experience (‘Total Recall’) such as in a continuous state and/or persistent state.

FIGS. 12 & 13 relate to various dynamic, that is changeable, systems. In the designation “d-API” and “d-SDK”, ‘d’ stands for ‘dynamic’ and is capable of change within and by the system. The format of the interaction (request and/or response) may be changes. Alternately, it may change the type, quantity or quality of information provided in the response. Other factors that may be changed include the ability of the request to alter the information via the API or SDK. Changes may be made to other operational or administrative rights or permissions, such as read only access, read and write, edit rights, super administrative rights. These provide for dynamic change under adaptive control.

Within the dynamic-Application Programming Interface (d-API), an initial format for request and response is defined. This may be considered in an ‘if-then’ statement: IF you ask for X in an agreed upon format, THEN system will provide X. The dynamic system may vary the format, and/or response. An intelligent dynamic update may be based on AI, machine learning or analytics. While not limited to the following, some or all of these changes may be implemented dynamically: the format of the interaction (request and/or response), access to more information or functionality, e.g. read only, or modification rights, the ability to provide information or data to the system, and the ability to change data.

Within the dynamic Game Development Kit (d-GDK), an initial kit is provided. The system then permits dynamic modification of the GDK. Preferably, dynamic modification is based on AI or Machine Learning or analytics.

Dynamic Segregated Lottery (d-SL) may be provided wherein one or more functional units or the lottery may be provided. A virtualized system may be utilized, such as in the use of a virtualized server.

FIGS. 14-20 relate to a blockchain implementation for games, entertainment or other useful ends. Blockchain uses a cryptographic ‘hash’ to identifies each block and transaction. Each successive block contains a hash of the previous code. This permanently fixes transactions in chronological order. The blockchain utilizes both a private key and public key. The prior hash is added to the new blockchain with a nonce to form a new hash.

Cryptocurrency provides for cryptographically secure transactions. Cryptocurrency is a programmable currency or decentralized value transfer system. It is also a decentralized virtual currency or decentralized digital currency.

Proof of work, or proof of stake, is the “right” to participate in the blockchain. It must be onerous enough to prevent changes without redoing the work. Bitcoin is a created currency which is mined and serves as a reward for payment processing work. Blockchain cryptocurrency involves no transaction charges or fees paid by purchaser. There are no refund rights or chargebacks.

It may be implemented in any form of network, both public and private. Open software and proprietary software may be used. Storage may be local storage or cloud storage and computing. Analytics may be performed locally or in a cloud analytics system. Analytics As A Service (AAAS) may be performed. Systems may be permissioned v. permission less distributed systems.

FIGS. 21 through 23 relate to smart contracts. The core elements are, first, a set of promises which may be contractual or non-contractual. Second, they are specified in digital form, operate electronically, where the contractual clauses or functional outcomes embedded in code. Third, they include protocols, or technology enabled rules-based operations. Fourth, the parties perform on the promises through automated performance, in a generally irrevocable manner.

Smart contracts automate different processes and operations. In one embodiment, they automate “if-this-then-that” on self-executing basis with finality. They may provide for payments. Actions may be conditioned on a payment or payments, such as with the control of collateral based on payment.

Smart contracts may be implemented via blockchain. This forms a trusted system, which may be implemented in a business to business implementation (B to B) and/or peer-to-peer implementation. The machine-to-machine implementation permits various combinations. In one implementation, a blockchain is combined with devices comprising the Internet of Things (IoT). In yet another combination, the blockchain may be combined with devices comprising the Internet of Things in combination with artificial intelligence. Generally, the block contains smart contract program logic. It bundles together the messages relating to a particular smart contract including inputs, outputs, and logic. In yet another implementation, they may provide contracts for difference, such as in use the current market price to adjust balances and disperse cash flow.

Smart contracts are a trust shifting technology. They reduce counter-party risk. Preferably, this serves to increase credit.

Smart contracts may be implemented in various models. They may be a contract entirely in code. They may be a contract in code with separate natural language version. They may be split natural language contract with encoded performance. Alternatively, they may be a natural language contract with encoded payment mechanism.

Smart contract initiation involves a consensus. An algorithm constitutes a set of rules for how each participant in the contract processes messages. They may be implemented in a permission-less manner, wherein anyone may submit messages for processing. The submitter may be involved in consensus. Alternately, they may delegate decision making such as to an administrator or sub-group of participants. An alternative implementation is to have a permissioned system, in which the participants are limited. They are generally pre-selected. They are then subject to gated entry and be subject to the satisfaction of certain requirements and/or approval of an administrator.

Smart contracts are subject to various methods of formation. They may by agreement such as where there is a common cooperative opportunity or a defined desired outcome. These may include business practices, asset swaps, and transfer of rights. Next, conditions set for initiation of the contract. That may be by the parties themselves, or by the occurrence of some external event, such as time, other quantifiable measure or location. Typically, they generate a code, which is encrypted and chained with blockchain technology. It may be authenticated and verified. Upon execution and processing, the network updates all ledgers to indicate current state. Once verified and posted, they cannot be changed, with only additional blocks appended.

To restate, the smart contract serves as a distributed application on networks with independent built-in trust mechanisms. The program is entrusted with the unit of value combined with rules for transfer of ownership of the unit of value. They serve as self-executing programs that automatically fulfill the terms of a programmed relationship.

FIG. 20 shows a Lottery embodiment implemented as a smart contract. The method for implementing a lottery includes the following steps. A time frame is set in which to receive cryptocurrency. Second, cryptocurrency is received with owner identification within the timeframe. The window opens for a specified duration, afterwards at which the window closes. The smart contract generates or receives a random event, such as from a random number generator. The random number generator should include an algorithmic guarantee of randomness and a guarantee of no hack. The contract selects a new owner (winner) among the owner identification related cryptocurrencies. It then assigns new ownership of cryptocurrency to selected new owner (winner).

Smart contracts may be used to implement a core loop or a game mechanic. The following core loops and game mechanics comprise a partial list of those that may be implemented, including but not limited to JACKO, POKO, Hot Seat, Hi Lo, Rock, Paper Scissors, In the Zone and iLotto or other array or geography based game mechanics or core loops. Any subunit of the game mechanic or core loop may itself be used as a game mechanic or core loop.

Jacko is a game comprising the steps of: randomly selecting a target number from a first range of numbers having a minimum and maximum number, presenting an indication of the target number to the player, selecting a number for the player, the number being selected from a second range, having a minimum and maximum, where the maximum is equal to or less than 52 of the minimum of the first range, receiving an indication from the player whether to draw again, and if so, randomly selecting a number from the second range, accumulating the total of the player's draws, and repeating this step until either the player declines to draw or the total exceeds the target number, and in the event the player declines to draw, randomly selecting numbers from the second range, accumulating those numbers, comparing them to the player's accumulated amount, and assigning as to the winner whomever has a total closest to, but not exceeding, the target.

Poko is a multi-player game where multiple indicia are awarded a predefined value, where other players have no information as to at least some of the indicia held by other players.

High Lo is a game comprising the steps of: performing a first lottery selection of a series of randomly drawn numbers, receiving from a player an indication whether the next randomly drawn number will be higher or lower than the preceding number, and if correct, awarding winnings correlated to the amount of the randomly drawn number, and continuing until the player fails to predict the high/low outcome, or elects to stop.

In the Zone is a game of chance comprising the steps of randomly selecting a player's target number within a predefined range of numbers, the range having a minimum and a maximum, randomly selecting a series of numbers for use in a lottery game, the minimum of the predefined range of numbers being at least equal to the sum of the lowest possible total for the series of the lowest possible total for the series of numbers and the maximum of the predefined range of numbers, totaling the random selected series of numbers through the conclusion of the selection, and assigning prize amounts to players having a player's number not exceeding the total based upon the proximity of the player's number and the total number.

Rock Paper Scissors is a game with three or more options having an assigned priority of options relative to one another.

Hot Seat is a game of increasing risk/reward including the ability to ‘opt out’ in Smart Contract. A method for game play in a multi-level game of chance culminating in a final level, comprises the steps of presenting, at a given level, a plurality of random options wherein at least one option is a positive option, another option is a negative option, and a third option requiring a further decision, receiving a selection regarding which one of the plurality of random option is selected, and if the positive option was selected, cumulating the positive option result with the prior positive option results, but if the negative option was selected, cumulating the negative option result, comparing the cumulative result with a predetermined number, and replaying the same level if the cumulative number is less than the predetermined number or terminating the game if the cumulative number equals the predetermined number, and if the third option was selected, receiving a selection regarding the decision, respecting the above steps until the player stops, the predetermined number of negative events occurring or the final level is related.

iLotto is a grid or geography based system including a display for presenting a grid of identifying objects, an input for receiving a player selection of an identifying object, a random generator for randomly selecting a winning identifying object, and a point tally system for awarding points to the player according to the rules comprising a first point value if the player selected identifying object exactly matches the winning identifying object, a second point value if the player selected identifying object is in a geometric relationship with the winning identifying object, and a third, negative, point value if the player is not awarded the first point value or the second point value.

FIG. 23 relates to implementation of mandated and variable parameters. Mandated parameters are set in smart contracts. Examples of mandated parameters include payout percentage and payout amount. Variable parameters are subject to mandated parameters, providing entertainment options.

FIG. 24 depicts a wallet serving for the electronic storage of cryptocurrency. This represents a graphical user interface (“GUI”), such as on a phone or computer display. Various forms of cryptocurrency may be displayed on the GUI and stored in the wallet. Points may be awarded, such as for loyalty, frequency and airtimes. Recent or latest transactions may be listed, indicating the date, purpose and amount. A total account value may be shown.

Cryptocurrency systems and smart contracts may be implemented in combination with other systems. One additional system comprises a frequent user or player's club system. They may be combined with other forms of ‘currency lite’, including micro-transactions and micro-payments. They may be used in combinations with smart properties, that is digital assets or physical things that know who their owner is. Digital assets are anything that exists in digital, typically binary, format and comes with the right to use. Examples include images, including still pictures and video or dynamic images, audible content, such as sounds, music or performances, and digital documents. Property whose ownership is controlled via distributed trusted network, e.g., blockchain using contracts. They may be further used in combination with geolocation, wherein the physical location (geolocation) of various components and architectural components are optionally a component of the system. Limits may be placed on the geography of game play. The system can ensure compliance with geolocation of data routing.

FIGS. 25 through 27 relate to systems having segregated secure functions and public functions. This provides a secure platform with multiple interfaces to public functions and public entities. The segregated secure functions provide the function of the trusted agent. The secure functions include one or more of the following. First, outcome determination. This may include the use of a random number generator (RNG) or probability engine. Second, user or player account information is stored. Third, monetary accounting or transactions are stored. Fourth, regulatory and compliance interface is performed. Fifth, interfaces such as a developer interface. Sixth, regulatory functions including Q&A testing, compliance, testing and approval may be provided.

The public functions include some or all of the following. First, the public system issues a ‘call’ to the secure system. A ‘call’ may be via an Application Programming Interface (API) or d-API. The “OPEN” system call makes calls to secure system for secure data. Second, a designer interface serves to access tools, APIs, a Development Kit (DK), and a Software Development Kit (SDK). Third, a marketplace interface serves as a lottery interface and optionally an application or app store. Fourth, an operator interface serves to interface with an operator or organizer, e.g., a charity. It preferably serves to publish, market, and sell. Fifth, the user interface permits registration, play activity and persistent history.

The system components may vary by function. Public interfaces and functions preferably comprise an “open” platform. This allows for arbitration and agreement with the secure entity regarding game operations to be performed by the secure entity, e.g., payout %, vGLEPs, who may play, and geolocation. The secure entity performs secure functions including game outcomes, financial matters and secure user data. The end users utilize a “channel mix”, including but not limited to web, mobile app, mobile web, tablet, computer, display enabled Devices (wireless), touch screen equipment at retailer, e.g., countertop games. The private entity may impose rate limits and impose responsible gaming controls.

FIGS. 28 and 29 describe hybrid and hierarchical systems. A centralized system, such as a state run lottery may be combined with a decentralized system, such as a blockchain implementation. Hierarchical order may be imposed within the system. In a system using mandated and variable parameters, a hierarchy of mandated parameters may be established, and then various variable parameters may be subject to the appropriate mandated parameter. In another application, a global use rate limit may be imposed at a high level in the hierarchy. Hierarchical use rate limits may be imposed. Various topologies of systems include master slave, master over multiple slaves and circular systems.

FIG. 30 relates to a game or lottery linked credit card and credit card function. A credit card and credit functionality may be linked to lottery or other game play. Through use of the credit card, a conversion rate is established. By way of example, for every $100 of purchases, $ 1 in lottery play is made. The rate may be variable, such as based upon institution. In the event a charitable organization organized or sponsored the lottery or game, every $100 of purchases accrues $2 for the organization. A split may also be performed, such as for every $100 of purchases accrues $1 in the lottery or game for the credit card owner and $1 for the organization.

In alternative embodiments, the mobile gaming device may be connected to the gaming machine with a cable, either directly connected to a port of the gaming machine or via a network communicating with the gaming machine.

The software used to program the gaming machines and servers in accordance with the embodiments described herein may be initially stored on a ROM, such as a CD or an electronic memory device. Such CDs and devices are non-transitory computer readable mediums having the appropriate computer instructions stored thereon. The programming may also be downloaded to the gaming machines via the casino's network.

It should be appreciated that the terminals, processors, or computers described herein may be embodied in any of a number of forms, such as a rack-mounted computer, a desktop computer, a laptop computer, or a tablet computer. Additionally, a computer may be embedded in a device perhaps not generally regarded as a computer but with suitable processing capabilities, including an electronic gaming machine, a Web TV, a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), a smart phone or any other suitable portable or fixed electronic devices.

Also, a computer may have one or more input and output devices. These devices can be used, among other things, to present a user interface. Examples of output devices that can be used to provide a user interface include printers or display screens for visual presentation of output and speakers or other sound generating devices for audible presentation of output. Examples of input devices that can be used for a user interface include keyboards, and pointing devices, such as mice, touch pads, and digitizing tablets. As another example, a computer may receive input information through speech recognition or in other audible formats.

Such computers may be interconnected by one or more networks in any suitable form, including as a local area network or a wide area network, such as an enterprise network or the Internet. Such networks may be based on any suitable technology and may operate according to any suitable protocol and may include wireless networks, wired networks or fiber optic networks. As used herein, the term “online” refers to such networked systems, including computers networked using, e.g., dedicated lines, telephone lines, cable or ISDN lines as well as wireless transmissions. Online systems include remote computers using. e.g., a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), the Internet, as well as various combinations of the foregoing. Suitable user devices may connect to a network for instance, any computing device that is capable of communicating over a network, such as a desktop, laptop or notebook computer, a mobile station or terminal, an entertainment appliance, a set-top box in communication with a display device, a wireless device such as a phone or smartphone, a game console, etc. The term “online gaming” refers to those systems and methods that make use of such a network to allow a game player to make use of and engage in gaming activity through networked, or online systems, both remote and local. For instance. “online gaming” includes gaming activity that is made available through a website on the Internet.

Also, the various methods or processes outlined herein may be coded as software that is executable on one or more processors that employ any one of a variety of operating systems or platforms. Additionally, such software may be written using any of a number of suitable programming languages and/or programming or scripting tools, and also may be compiled as executable machine language code or intermediate code that is executed on a framework or virtual machine.

In this respect, embodiments may provide a tangible, non-transitory computer readable storage medium (or multiple computer readable storage media) (e.g., a computer memory, one or more floppy discs, compact discs (CD), optical discs, digital video disks (DVD), magnetic tapes, flash memories, circuit configurations in Field Programmable Gate Arrays or other semiconductor devices, or other non-transitory, tangible computer-readable storage media) encoded with one or more programs that, when executed on one or more computers or other processors, perform methods that implement the various embodiments discussed above. The computer readable medium or media can be transportable, such that the program or programs stored thereon can be loaded onto one or more different computers or other processors to implement various aspects as discussed above. As used herein, the term “non-transitory computer-readable storage medium” encompasses only a computer-readable medium that can be considered to be an article of manufacture or a machine and excludes transitory signals.

The terms “program” or “software” are used herein in a generic sense to refer to any type of computer code or set of computer-executable instructions that can be employed to program a computer or other processor to implement various aspects of, as discussed above. Additionally, it should be appreciated that according to one aspect of this embodiment, one or more computer programs that when executed perform methods need not reside on a single computer or processor, but may be distributed in a modular fashion amongst a number of different computers or processors to implement various aspects of embodiments described herein.

Computer-executable instructions may be in many forms, such as program modules, executed by one or more computers or other devices. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc. that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Typically the functionality of the program modules may be combined or distributed as desired in various embodiments.

Also, data structures may be stored in computer-readable media in any suitable form. For simplicity of illustration, data structures may be shown to have fields that are related through location in the data structure. Such relationships may likewise be achieved by assigning storage for the fields with locations in a computer-readable medium that conveys relationship between the fields. However, any suitable mechanism may be used to establish a relationship between information in fields of a data structure, including through the use of pointers, tags, addresses or other mechanisms that establish relationship between data elements.

Various aspects of embodiments described herein may be used alone, in combination, or in a variety of arrangements not specifically discussed in the embodiments described in the foregoing and the concepts described herein are therefore not limited in their application to the details and arrangement of components set forth in the foregoing description or illustrated in the drawings. For example, aspects described in one embodiment may be combined in any manner with aspects described in other embodiments.

Also, embodiments described herein may provide a method, of which an example has been provided. The acts performed as part of the method may be ordered in any suitable way. Accordingly, embodiments may be constructed in which acts are performed in an order different than illustrated, which may include performing some acts simultaneously, even though shown as sequential acts in illustrative embodiments.

While embodiments have been described with reference to certain exemplary features thereof, those skilled in the art may make various modifications to the described embodiments. The terms and descriptions used herein are set forth by way of illustration only and not meant as limitations. In particular, although embodiments have been described by way of examples, a variety of devices would practice the inventive concepts described herein. Embodiments have been described and disclosed in various terms, the scope of the embodiments is not intended to be, nor should it be deemed to be, limited thereby and such other modifications or embodiments as may be suggested by the teachings herein are particularly reserved, especially as they fall within the breadth and scope of the claims here appended. Those skilled in the art will recognize that these and other variations are possible as defined in the following claims and their equivalents. Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity and understanding, it may be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in light of the teachings of this invention that certain changes and modifications may be made thereto without departing from the spirit or scope of the appended claims.

All publications and patents cited in this specification are herein incorporated by reference as if each individual publication or patent were specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference in their entirety.

REFERENCES

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Glossary

51% Attack: An attack on the Bitcoin network which allows the attacker to create fraudulent transactions, see Double Spend. This is possible because controlling more than 50% of the Bitcoin network's hash rate means the attacker can out-compute everyone else who is mining.

A

Account: Accounts have an intrinsic balance and transaction count maintained as part of the Ethereum state. They also have some (possibly empty) EVM Code and a (possibly empty) Storage State associated with them. Though homogenous, it makes sense to distinguish between two practical types of account: those with empty associated EVM Code (thus the account balance is controlled, if at all, by some external entity) and those with non-empty associated EVM Code (thus the account represents an Autonomous Object). Each Account has a single Address that identifies it.

Address: A bitcoin address is used to receive and send transactions on the bitcoin network. It contains a string of alphanumeric characters, but can also be represented as a scannable QR code. A bitcoin address is also the public key in the pair of keys used by bitcoin holders to digitally sign transactions (see Public Key).

Address: A code, e.g. a 160-bit code, used for identifying Accounts.

Agreement Ledger: An agreement ledger is distributed ledger used by two or more parties to negotiate and reach agreement.

Airdrop: A method of distributing cryptocurrency amongst a population, first attempted with Auroracoin (auroracoin) in early 2014.

Algorithm: A process or set of rules to be followed in calculations or other problem-solving operations, especially by a computer.

Altcoin: The collective name for cryptocurrencies offered as alternatives to bitcoin. Litecoin, Feathercoin and PPcoin are all altcoins.

AML: Anti-Money Laundering techniques are used to stop people converting illegally obtained funds, to appear as though they have been earned legally. AML mechanisms can be legal or technical in nature. Regulators frequently apply AML techniques to bitcoin exchanges.

App: An end-user-visible application, e.g. hosted in the Ethereum Browser.

Application Program Interface (API): A specification used as an interface by components, often software components, to communicate with one another. May include specifications for routines, data structures, object classes, and variables.

Arbitrage: The generation of risk free profits by trading between markets which have different prices for the same asset.

ASIC: An Application Specific Integrated Circuit is a silicon chip specifically designed to do a single task. In the case of bitcoin, they are designed to process SHA-256 hashing problems to mine new bitcoins.

ASIC Miner: A piece of equipment containing an ASIC chip, configured to mine for bitcoins. They can come in the form of boards that plug into a backplane, devices with a USB connector, or standalone devices including all of the necessary software, that connect to a network via a wireless link or ethernet cable.

ASIC Mining: Many miners purchase separate computing devices set aside solely for mining. As an alternative, they can also get an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC); this is a specially-designed computer chip created to perform one specific function, and only that function—in this case, mining calculations. ASICs reduce the processing power and energy required for mining, and can help reduce the overall cost of the process in that way. Whether the ASIC—a term that refers to the specialized chip itself—is integrated into an existing computing system, or functions as a stand-alone device, the term “ASIC” is often used generically to refer to the overall system itself, and not just the chip.

Asymmetric Key Algorithm: This is the algorithm used to generate public and private keys, the unique codes that are essential to cryptocurrency transactions. In a symmetric key algorithm, both the sender and receiver have the same key; they can encrypt and exchange information privately, but since both parties have the decoding information, they can't keep information private from one another. With an asymmetric key algorithm, both parties have access to the public key, but only the person with the private key can decode the encryption; this assures that only they can receive the funds.

Attestation Ledger: A distributed ledger providing a durable record of agreements, commitments or statements, providing evidence (attestation) that these agreements, commitments or statements were made.

Autonomous Agents: Software that makes decisions and acts on them without human intervention.

Autonomous Object: A notional object existent only within the hypothetical state of Ethereum. Has an intrinsic address and thus an associated account; the account will have non-empty associated EVM Code. Incorporated only as the Storage State of that account.

B

Base58: Base58 encodes binary data into text and is used to encode Bitcoin addresses. Created by Satoshi Nakamoto, its alphanumeric characters exclude “0”, “O”, “1”, I” since they are hard to distinguish.

Base58Check: A variant of Base58 used to detect typing errors in bitcoin addresses.

BIP: An acronym for “Bitcoin Improvement Proposals” which can be submitted by anyone who wants to improve the Bitcoin network.

Bit: Name of a Bitcoin denomination equal to 100 satoshis (1 millionth of 1 BTC). In 2014 several companies including Bitpay and Coinbase, and various wallet apps adopted bit to display bitcoin amounts.

Bitcoin (uppercase): The well know cryptocurrency, based on the proof-of-work blockchain.

bitcoin (lowercase): The specific collection of technologies used by Bitcoin's ledger, a particular solution. Note that the currency is itself one of these technologies, as it provides the miners with the incentive to mine.

Bitcoin (unit of currency): 100,000,000 satoshis. A unit of the decentralized, digital currency which can be traded for goods and services. Bitcoin also functions as a reserve currency for the altcoin ecosystem.

Bitcoin 2.0: A reference word for applications of bitcoin or Blockchain technology that is more advanced or complicated than the basic payment system application proposed by the Bitcoin white paper. Examples of Bitcoin 2.0 projects include Counterparty, Ethereum, Blockstream, Swarm, Domus and Hedgy.

Bitcoin ATM: A bitcoin ATM is a physical machine that allows a customer to buy bitcoin with cash. There are many manufacturers, some of which enable users to sell bitcoin for cash. They are also sometimes called ‘BTMs’ or ‘Bitcoin AVMS’. CoinDesk maintains a worldwide map of operational bitcoin ATM machines and a list of manufacturers.

Bitcoin Core: New name of Bitcoin QT since release of version 0.9 on Mar. 19, 2014. Not to confuse with CoreBitcoin, an Objective-C implementation published in August 2013.

Bitcoind: Original implementation of Bitcoin with a command line interface. Currently a part of BitcoinQT project. “D” stands for “daemon” per UNIX tradition to name processes running in background.

Bitcoin Days Destroyed: An estimate for the “velocity of money” with the Bitcoin network. This is used because it gives greater weight to bitcoins that have not been spent for a long time, and better represents the level of economic activity taking place with bitcoin than total transaction volume per day.

Bitcoin Investment Trust: This private, open-ended trust invests exclusively in bitcoins and uses a state-of-the-art protocol to store them safely on behalf of its shareholders. It provides a way for people to invest in bitcoin without having to purchase and safely store the digital currency themselves.

Bitcoinj: A Java implementation of a full Bitcoin node by Mike Hearn. Also includes SPV implementation among other features.

BitcoinJS: An online library of javascript code used for Bitcoin development, particularly web wallets. bitcoinjs.org(http://bitcoinjs.org)

Bitcoin Market Potential Index (BMPI): The Bitcoin Market Potential Index (BMPI) uses a data set to rank the potential utility of bitcoin across 177 countries. It attempts to show which markets have the greatest potential for bitcoin adoption.

Bitcoin Network: The decentralized, peer-to-peer network which maintains the blockchain. This is what processes all Bitcoin transactions.

Bitcoin Price Index (BPI): The CoinDesk Bitcoin Price Index represents an average of bitcoin prices across leading global exchanges that meet criteria specified by the BPI. There is also an API for developers to use. 

We claim:
 1. A system for control of an entertainment state system having segregated secure functions and public functions for use by one or more users of the system, comprising: a public interface portal, the interface portal adapted to receive instructions regarding operation of the entertainment state system from the one or more users, the interface portal including: a first interface to receive instructions from and communicate to the one or more end users, a processor, a graphical user interface (GUI) coupled to the processor, a control unit in operative communication with the processor and graphical user interface, and a second interface providing an application program interface (API), and a secure entity unit, the secure entity unit including: a receive interface, the receive interface adapted to receive a call from the application program interface (API) of the interface portal, a send interface, the send interface adapted to provide a response to the interface portal interface, a game engine, a financial engine, the financial engine being coupled to the game engine, and the receive interface and send interface, and an interface to provide financial information.
 2. The system for the control of an entertainment state system of claim 1 wherein the secure entity further includes memory to store user secure information.
 3. The system for the control of an entertainment state system of claim 1 wherein the financial information is tax information.
 4. The system for the control of an entertainment state system of claim 1 wherein the financial information couples to a financial institution.
 5. The system for the control of an entertainment state system of claim 1 wherein the game engine includes a game random number generator (RN).
 6. The system for the control of an entertainment state system of claim 1 wherein the secure entity further includes an adaptive control unit.
 7. The system for the control of an entertainment state system of claim 6 wherein the adaptive control unit includes cognitive computing unit.
 8. The system for control of an entertainment state system of claim 6 wherein the adaptive control unit includes an artificial intelligence unit.
 9. The system for control of an entertainment state system of claim 1 wherein the adaptive control unit includes a machine-learning unit.
 10. The system for control of an entertainment state system of claim 1 wherein the adaptive control unit includes a neural network.
 11. The system for control of an entertainment state system of claim 10 wherein the neural network is a deep neural network.
 12. The system for control of an entertainment state system of claim 10 wherein the neural network includes a graphics processing unit (GPU).
 13. The system for control of an entertainment state system of claim 10 wherein the neural network is trained utilizing user response data.
 14. The system for control of an entertainment state system of claim 10 wherein the neural network is a vectorized neural network.
 15. The system for control of an entertainment state system of claim 10 wherein the neural network is a recurrent neural network.
 16. The system for control of an entertainment state system of claim 1 wherein the secure entity includes an analytics unit. 